Guitar Terms

Stutter Riff -- Technically speaking, a stutter riff is produced by quick up-and-down movements of the guitar pick on a string, often resulting in a swift, choppy effect. The notes fall rapidly behind one another, creating a stuttering effect.
Examples:

Demons and Wizards--Tear Down the Wall
Threshold--Life's Too Good -- This one is more subtle; it's intermixed with regular chords, underneath the chorus.

Slide -- A guitar slide is just that--the sliding of a finger either up or down the guitar neck, on a particular string (or occasionally on multiple strings). The result can be a "dipping", "rising", or almost vertigo feeling in a song, and if placed correctly can be a simple yet solid addition to a solo (or rhythm).
Examples:

Nevermore--Beyond Within -- Some short, abrupt slides.
Mr. Blackwell--If I (with some strafing)

Harmonic -- Harmonics are generally produced in one of two ways. The most accepted and effective is by picking a string with a small part of the thumb also striking it. This creates an artificial "ping" effect, which is known as a harmonic. The degree and "amount" of harmonic applied is dependent on several factors--how much of the thumb strikes the string, the angle at which the string is hit, the degree of force that is used, and so on. It is an easy skill once learned, but there are many small nuances. The second method is by lightly touching a string up on the neck, while picking it in the normal fashion. This is rarely used, however, as little volume can be achieved.
Examples:

Pride and Glory--Harvestor of Pain -- Zakk is the master of the harmonic.
Symphony X--The Bird-Serpent War

Strafing -- By definition, to "strafe" means "to bombard heavily; to attack with machine-gun fire from low-flying aircraft". Strafing of the strings is a sort of semi-muting, and is accomplished by lightly sliding or holding the string hand along the neck. This creates a rapid-fire effect that is separate from lead-effect notes.
Examples:

Edwin Dare--Can't Break Me
Cats in Boots--Heaven on a Heartbeat

Chug -- Guitar chugging is somewhat similar to a stutter riff, but is often more continuous, and is almost always performed on the E (top) string, giving it a deeper and "heavier" effect. Chugging can also be accomplished with chords (as opposed to single strings).
Examples:

Black Label Society--Counterfeit God (with some harmonics as well)
Yngwie Malmsteen--Facing the Animal -- A slow chug, accomplished with chords.

Bends -- A guitar "bend" is when you strike and hold a particular note, then "bend" it up or down an octave or two (into the space occupied by the strings above or below it). Most high-neck bends are usually down, while those in solos (on the lower parts of the neck) are usually up. The examples focused on here are of the non-solo variety.
Examples:

Van Halen--Drop Dead Legs
Nevermore--Fault of Flesh

Pull-offs -- Pull-offs are a sort of stop-and-go effect, in that a chord or note will be struck, and then the neck hand will "pull-off" the strings--while at the same time the pick hand will silence the strings (to avoid garbage noise and feedback). Like harmonics, this is easy once learned, but takes practice and technique.
Examples:

Von Groove--Disbeliever
Edwin Dare--Feel the Power

Muted -- Muted notes or chords are accomplished by placing the palm of the pick hand slightly on the strings, and then just playing/striking the strings in a normal fashion. This creates a palmed or "muted" effect.
Examples:

Impellitteri--Father Forgive Them
Alice Cooper--Gimme -- Notice how the chords (between the sung verses) are slightly muted.

Drumming terms

Double-bass -- Most everyone will know what this is, and it is fairly self-explanatory: the bass drum (or two bass drums) will be equipped with two bass pedals, enabling a drummer to apply a rapid-fire backbone to any song.
Examples:

Coming soon...

High-hat -- The high-hat is one of the cymbals on a drum kit, and an effective "strut" can be woven into a music's rhythm by varying manipulations of it. The high-hat is actually two cymbals facing one another in a clamshell-like fashion, with a bolt in between. The loosening and tightening of the bolt, as well as the drummer's pedal technique, will effect the sound.
Examples:

Badlands--Last Time -- It's not there at first, but listen around the 13 second mark--that's when the high-hat will start to be used by the drummer.
Ugly Kid Joe--Intro

General terms:

Groove -- Ahh, the groove. The first ingredient for an effective groove is almost always the rhythm section--the bass and drums. Add a solid guitar section on top of that (usually chunky chords), and you have a "groove". You'll know one when you hear it--it almost always causes either the neck or back (or both) to start moving on its own!
Examples:

Coming soon...

Pulse -- A pulse rhythm is usually more flowing and faster than a groove, but has a similar rhythmic effect, in that it makes for a solid song base. Often times string-chugging can be intermixed with chords in order to gain the desired effect. Imagine a laserbeam, and it "pulsing" with a rhythm. That's the basic imagery, I suppose...
Examples:

Testament--Demonic Refusal (with some pull-offs)
Lillian Axe--Misery Love Company

Gallop -- The gallop was made famous by Iron Maiden, and is often a culmination of all instruments--but most specifically the bass and guitars. The guitars use a rapid-chug effect (occasionally palmed or muted), which the bass playing is of a similar variety (again, see Steve Harris's playing). The result is a horse-galloping feel, thus the name.
Examples:

Iron Maiden--The Trooper
Demons and Wizards--Poor Man's Crusade

Staccato -- Staccato, an adjective, is defined "in music, with distinct breaks between successive tones; abrupt; detached." This can apply to any instrument, but most often the effect is applied to guitar notes, or to a particular vocal section.
Examples:

Superior--The Truth Ain't Kind
Mercyful Fate--Crossroads

Distortion -- You get distortion from an amplifier, and the degrees or levels of distortion can refer to numerous aspects. You can have sharp distortion--what I like to call edged. There's deep distortion (bottom-heavy), there's light distortion, etc. Basically distortion can be fiddled with by messing with the gain knobs and so forth, but is also somewhat dictated by a musician's gear--the guitar make and model, the pickups, the amp itself, and occasionally effects pedals. I will eventually list a few songs, and how I might describe the distortion of each.
Examples:

Coming Soon...